\begin{thebibliography}{KMMN85}

\bibitem[ACO85]{albano-cardelli:conceptual-85}
A. Albano, L. Cardelli, and R. Orsini.
\newblock Galileo: a strongly-typed, interactive conceptual language.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, 10(2):230 -- 260, June,
  1985.

\bibitem[ALM82]{allen:dictionary-82}
F. Allen, M. Loomis, and M. Mannino.
\newblock {The Integrated Dictionary/ Directory System}.
\newblock {\it ACM Computing Surveys}, 14(2), 1982.

\bibitem[Bal86]{balzer:sigsoft-86}
R.N. Balzer.
\newblock Program enhancement.
\newblock {\it ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes}, 11(4):66, 1986.

\bibitem[BM84]{boyle:reusability-84}
J.M. Boyle and M.N. Muralidharan.
\newblock Program reusability through program transformation.
\newblock {\it IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering}, SE-10(5), September
  1984.

\bibitem[Bro87]{brooks:silver}
Frederick~P. Brooks.
\newblock No silver bullet, essence and accidents of software engineering.
\newblock {\it IEEE Computer Magazine}, 10--19, April 1987.

\bibitem[CI84]{cameron-ito:gramps}
R.D. Cameron and M.R. Ito.
\newblock Grammar-based definition of metaprogramming systems.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems},
  6(1):20--54, January 1984.

\bibitem[Cox86]{cox:oop}
Brad~J. Cox.
\newblock {\it Object-Oriented Programming, An evolutionary approach}.
\newblock Addison Wesley, 1986.

\bibitem[CW85]{cardelli-wegner:types-85}
L. Cardelli and P. Wegner.
\newblock On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism.
\newblock {\it ACM Computing Surveys}, 17(4):471, December 1985.

\bibitem[DHK*75]{kahn-lang:struct-75}
V. Donzeau-Gouge, G. Huet, G. Kahn, B. Lang, and J.J. Levy.
\newblock A structure oriented program editor: a first step towards computer
  assisted programming.
\newblock In {\it Proceedings of International Computing Symposium 1975},
  page~, 1975.

\bibitem[DHKL80]{huet:mentor-80}
V. Donzeau-Gouge, G. Huet, G. Kahn, and B. Lang.
\newblock {\it {Programming environments based on structured editors: The
  MENTOR experience}}.
\newblock Technical Report, Res. Rep. 26 INRIA, 1980.

\bibitem[DMN70]{dahl-nygaard:simula-67}
O.J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, and K. Nygaard.
\newblock {SIMULA 67 Common Base Language}.
\newblock {\it Publ. N. S-22, Norwegian Computing Center}, Oct. 1970.

\bibitem[FAS*86]{freiling:knowledge-86}
M.J. Freiling, J.H. Alexander, S.J. Shulman, J.L. Staley, S. Rehfuss, and S.L.
  Messick.
\newblock Knowledge level engineering: ontological analysis.
\newblock In {\it Proceedings AAAI}, pages~963--968, 1986.

\bibitem[Fra81]{fraser:syntax-81}
C.W. Fraser.
\newblock Syntax-directed editing of general data structures.
\newblock In {\it Proc. ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOA Conference on Text Manipulation},
  pages~17--21, Portland, Oregon, 1981.

\bibitem[GL85]{andrew:gem}
A.V. Goldberg and K.J. Lieberherr.
\newblock {GEM: A generator of environments for metaprogramming}.
\newblock In {\it SOFTFAIR II, ACM/IEEE Conference on Software Tools},
  pages~86--95, San Francisco, 1985.

\bibitem[GR83]{goldberg:smalltalk-l-i}
A. Goldberg and D. Robson.
\newblock {\it Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation}.
\newblock Addison Wesley, 1983.

\bibitem[KMMN85]{kristensen:fragments-85}
Bent~Bruun Kristensen, Ole~Lehrmann Madsen, Birger Moller-Pederson, and Kristen
  Nygaard.
\newblock An algebra for program fragments.
\newblock In {\it ACM SIGPLAN 85 Symposium on Programming Languages and
  Programming Environments}, SIGPLAN, Seattle, Washington, 1985.

\bibitem[Kre87]{kreowski:alg-spec-87}
H.J. Kreowski.
\newblock Some initial sections of the algebraic specification tale.
\newblock {\it Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer
  Science}, (31):55--78, February 1987.

\bibitem[KW87]{wand-kohlbecker:by-example-87}
E. Kohlbecker and Mitchell Wand.
\newblock Macro by example.
\newblock In {\it ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages}, ACM,
  1987.

\bibitem[Lam87]{lamb:idl-87}
D.A. Lamb.
\newblock {IDL: Sharing Intermediate Representations}.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems},
  9(3):297--318, July 1987.

\bibitem[LHR88]{LHLR:law-paper}
Karl~J. Lieberherr, Ian Holland, and Arthur~J. Riel.
\newblock Object-oriented programming: an objective sense of style.
\newblock In {\it Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and
  Applications Conference}, San Diego, CA., September 1988.
\newblock A short version of this paper appears in IEEE Computer, June 88, Open
  Channel section, pages 78-79.

\bibitem[Lie88a]{karl1:class}
Karl Lieberherr.
\newblock Object-oriented programming with class dictionaries.
\newblock {\it Journal on Lisp and Symbolic Computation}, 1(2):pages unknown,
  1988.

\bibitem[Lie88b]{karl:demeter}
Karl~J. Lieberherr.
\newblock {\it The Art of Growing Software: An object-oriented {CASE}
  approach}.
\newblock publisher to be determined, January 1988.
\newblock book in preparation, approximately 400 pages.

\bibitem[LR88]{lieber-riel:singapore}
Karl~J. Lieberherr and Arthur~J. Riel.
\newblock Demeter: a {CASE} study of software growth through parameterized
  classes.
\newblock In {\it International Conference on Software Engineering},
  pages~254--264, Raffles City, Singapore, 1988.

\bibitem[LSAS77]{liskov:abstr-77}
B. Liskov, A. Snyder, R. Atkinson, and C. Schaffert.
\newblock {Abstraction mechanisms in CLU}.
\newblock {\it Communications of the ACM}, 20(8):564--576, August 1977.

\bibitem[Mac85]{macqueen:ml-85}
D. MacQueen.
\newblock {Modules for standard ML}.
\newblock {\it Polymorphism Newsletter}, 2(2), October 1985.

\bibitem[Mac86]{macqueen:modular-86}
D. MacQueen.
\newblock Using dependent types to express modular structure.
\newblock In {\it ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages},
  January 1986.

\bibitem[MBW80]{mylopoulos-bernstein:taxis-80}
J. Mylopoulos, P.~A. Bernstein, and H.K.T. Wong.
\newblock A language facility for designing interactive database intensive
  systems.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, 5(2):185 -- 207, June,
  1980.

\bibitem[Mey86]{meyer:param-86}
B. Meyer.
\newblock Genericity versus inheritance.
\newblock In {\it Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and
  Applications Conference}, pages~391--405, 1986.

\bibitem[Mil71]{mills:grow-71}
H.D. Mills.
\newblock Top-down programming in large systems.
\newblock In R. Ruskin, editor, {\it Debugging Techniques in Large Systems},
  Prentice Hall, 1971.

\bibitem[MN88]{madsen-norgard:hicss-88}
Ole~Lehrmann Madsen and Claus N{\o}rgaard.
\newblock An object-oriented metaprogramming system.
\newblock In {\it Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on
  System Sciences}, pages~406--415, 1988.

\bibitem[Moo86]{moon:flavors}
David~A. Moon.
\newblock {Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors}.
\newblock In {\it Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and
  Applications Conference}, pages~1--8, Portland, Oregon, 1986.

\bibitem[PS83]{partsch:survey}
H. Partsch and R. Steinbrueggen.
\newblock Program transformation systems.
\newblock {\it ACM Computing Surveys}, 15(3):199--236, September 1983.

\bibitem[SCB*86]{schaffert:trellis-86}
Craig Schaffert, Topher Cooper, Bruce Bullis, Mike Kilian, and Carrie Wilpolt.
\newblock An introduction to {Trellis/Owl}.
\newblock In {\it Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and
  Applications Conference}, pages~9--16, 1986.

\bibitem[Sol78]{solomon:param}
M. Solomon.
\newblock Type definitions with parameters.
\newblock In {\it Principles of Programming Languages}, Tucson, Arizona, 1978.

\bibitem[SS77]{john-diane:abstr-77}
J.M. Smith and D.C.P. Smith.
\newblock Data base abstractions: aggregation and generalization.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, 2(2), June 1977.

\bibitem[Str86]{stroustrup:c++}
B. Stroustrup.
\newblock {\it The C++ Programming Language}.
\newblock Addison Wesley, 1986.

\bibitem[Tei84]{reps-teitelbaum:84}
T.~Reps~T. Teitelbaum.
\newblock The synthesizer generator.
\newblock {\it SIGPLAN}, 19(5), 1984.

\bibitem[Tho86]{thomsen-override:86}
K.~S. Thomsen.
\newblock {\it Multiple Inheritance, a structuring mechanism for data,
  processes and procedures}.
\newblock Technical Report~DAIMI PB - 209, University of Aarhus, Denmark, April
  1986.

\bibitem[TWW82]{thatcher:param-82}
J.W. Thatcher, E.G. Wagner, and J.B. Wright.
\newblock Data type specification: parameterization and the power of
  specification techniques.
\newblock {\it ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems},
  711--732, 1982.

\bibitem[Wil83]{wile:popart-83}
D. Wile.
\newblock Program developments: formal explanations of implementations.
\newblock {\it Communications of the ACM}, 26(11), 1983.

\bibitem[Wir71]{wirth:pascal-acta-71}
Niklaus Wirth.
\newblock {The Programming Language Pascal}.
\newblock {\it Acta Informatica}, 1:35--63, 1971.

\bibitem[Wir74]{wirth-lang-des:ifip-74}
Niklaus Wirth.
\newblock On the design of programming languages.
\newblock In {\it IFIP, Amsterdam}, pages~386--393, North-Holland, 1974.

\bibitem[Wir76]{wirth:a+d=p-76}
Niklaus Wirth.
\newblock {\it Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs}.
\newblock Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1976.

\bibitem[Wir77]{wirth:ebnf}
N. Wirth.
\newblock What can we do about the unnecessary diversity of notation for
  syntactic definitions?
\newblock {\it Comm. ACM}, 20(11):822--823, 1977.

\bibitem[Wir84]{wirth:modula-2}
Niklaus Wirth.
\newblock {\it Programming in Modula-2}.
\newblock Springer Verlag, 1984.

\end{thebibliography}